Noor aafaq Holding Petroleum Department , Process offers its services in Supplement, design, manufacturing, commissioning & site services in petrochemicals, refineries, oxygen plants, hydrogen plants, recycling plants, etc.
At Noor aafaq, we are focused on addressing the global, dual challenge of meeting growing energy demand in a cleaner, more sustainable way. The energy we produce contributes to human progress by helping meet the world’s energy needs. Access to reliable energy is critical to those working to elevate their families to higher standards of living. We, however, aim to do more than produce energy. We are a community partner focused on protecting the safety and health of our employees, local populations and the environment. We seek to create meaningful connections between Noor aafaq holding and our communities by following our guiding principles of partnership and collaboration. Our approach to people and communities is multifaceted, with the goal of both empowering employees to contribute to a better world and to establish high-impact relationships with key communities across our operating areas.
Petroleum :
Petroleum is a Latin word equivalent to oil, which is derived from the two words Petra (stone) and oleum (oil). Petroleum is hydrocarbon substances that are naturally found mainly in sedimentary rocks.
Petroleum can accumulate in the form of different phases, including gas phase, such as natural gas, liquid phase, such as crude oil, and solid phase, such as asphalt, in pores and rock fractures.
Crude Oil:
It is a natural mixture of liquid hydrocarbons that remains in liquid form both in underground reservoir and on the surface after passing through different separators. The physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons are very important for reservoir and production engineers because the physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons will affect the movement of fluids in the reservoir and the actual amount of hydrocarbon production. Accumulation of hydrocarbon materials under the surface of the earth takes place in rocks that have the ability to store and transport fluids. These rocks are called reservoir. Economic accumulation of hydrocarbons in reservoir rock depends on several factors.
Oil constituents: Most of crude oil consists of carbon hydrates and a small number of other elements are also mixed into it, these elements are shown below with their percentages. Other elements such as vanadium, nickel and uranium are present with a weight percentage of maximum 0.1 in the composition of crude oil. In addition, traces of C r, Cu, Pb, Mn, Sr, Ba, Mo, Mg, Ca, Ti, Al, Fe and Si elements are found in crude oil ash, and some of the above elements such as V-Ni-U are probably related to It was created with the primary organic element (mother) and some other elements show the geochemical characteristics of the selected rock. It should be mentioned that traces of salt, water and hydrogen sulphide are also observed in crude oil.
Physical properties of crude oil: Viscosity As crude oil may be observed with the intervention of factors such as yellow, green, brown, dark brown to black, so we will have variable viscosity for them. Therefore, crude oil has a higher viscosity on the surface of the earth, and in other words, it is more viscous. Because in the underground reservoir, one of the factors involved is the heat in the reservoir, which along with this factor, the depth is also effective. Also, the age of oil in terms of storage time is considered to contribute to changes in viscosity.
Molecular compounds of crude oil: The number of molecular compounds of crude oil depends on its geological age, the depth of its formation, its origin and its geographical location. For example, Ponca City crude oil from Oklahoma contains at least 234 molecular compounds.
The specific gravity of crude oil is one of the physical properties of crude oil that the economic value of crude oil is measured based on. Therefore, measuring and how to calculate its formula is important. Most countries in the world calculate the specific gravity of crude oil in terms of A.P.I.( American Petroleum Institute gravity), which is an American classification. Similar to this grading and measurement, the specific gravity of crude oil is calculated in European countries with the Baume grading, which is slightly lower than the A.P.I grade.
The effect of temperature on the specific weight of crude oil: One of the factors that cause changes in the specific weight of crude oil is temperature changes. That is, as the temperature rises, the specific gravity decreases and the A.P.I degree increases. Also, increasing the temperature has the opposite effect on the viscosity of crude oil.
Different types of oil according to A.P.I: Heavy oil with 10 to 20 degrees A.P.I. Medium oil with 20 to 30 degrees A.P.I. Light oil with more than 30 degrees A.P.I. The desirability and value of oil depends on the above and whether it is light or heavy. Tar and heavy oil are less desirable than crude oil, because it cannot be converted into gasoline as easily, and after processing and refining, larger amounts of heavy oil products remain. Also, it contains more sulphur and nitrogen than crude oil, and in some areas, it has a large amount of metal, especially nickel and vanadium. The above specifications are different in different fields and even different horizons of a field and affect its price.
1) Mature source rock that has produced hydrocarbons, which is fine-grained rock rich in organic matter that has matured at a certain temperature and contains exploitable oil and gas.
2) Reservoir rock that can accommodate hydrocarbons and has porosity (storage capacity) and permeability (transfer capacity).
3) The migration of hydrocarbon between source rock and reservoir rock (migration pathway) should be practical.
4) Cap rock that prevents oil from escaping from inside the reservoir rock.
5) Oil trap where oil is economically concentrated.
Oil and oil derivatives
We all know that today oil is a valuable and precious material. This substance is the main source of various petroleum derivatives. Oil, which is a black substance, was discovered in Iraq about 4500 years ago.
Oil is the result of fossil fuels that can be extracted from the depths of the earth. When the oil extraction operation is finished, the extracted oil is transferred to the refinery where it is converted into usable products by various methods.
These petroleum products are the petroleum derivatives of Distillation. Gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, petrochemical raw materials, bitumen, asphalt and… Oil derivatives are right there.
In the following, we intend to provide more explanations about oil products and derivatives.
Petroleum products and derivatives:
1. Propane:
Propane is a gas that is created from processing natural gas and refining crude oil, and is converted into a liquid by pressurizing it. Propane is used in welding, pipe making, grain drying and research centres industries.
This liquefied gas is transported in special tankers and stored in cylinders as fuel.
2. Butane:
Butane is a flammable gas and is used for cooking and lighter fuel.
3. LPG gas
This gas is produced from the combination of propane and butane, which can be used as fuel for cars.
4. CNG gas
They use this gas as an alternative fuel. This fuel can replace gasoline, diesel and liquid gas. CNG gas is less polluting and has better safety in case of leakage.
5. GASOLIN
Gasoline is one of the most consumed petroleum products. Gasoline is used as fuel for all combustion engines.
In the following, we will introduce products that, while they are petroleum derivatives, are non-fuel.
One of the widely used products is bitumen and asphalt. Today, in road construction, building materials and… Bitumen and asphalt are used a lot.
Base oils have a lubricating role and are used in industrial devices or factory machines with the addition of additives.
You have probably seen paraffin up close at least once. Because paraffin is an odourless and completely transparent oil that has many uses in textile, cosmetics and health industries.
Propylene is considered a polymer that has many applications in the manufacture of polymer parts. For example, dashboard, bumper, car console are made of propylene.
Perhaps the name aromatic is unfamiliar to you. But this material is so much used in the life of each of us that it cannot be ignored in any way. Aromatics are used to prepare various resins, synthetic fibers, explosives, detergents, pesticides, produce airplane parts, manufacture medicines and electronic systems.
A white and sometimes colorless solid that is extracted from oil and coal.
Paraffins are divided into three categories, including edible, sanitary and industrial paraffins.
Paraffin is widely used for the production of dyes, electronic insulators, beauty salons, etc. Even this material is used in medical science. Doctors believe that paraffin can reduce joints and muscles pain.
Grease is a semi-solid lubricant that is used to prevent dust from entering various devices. When a machine is greased, it will have less friction when it starts and can prevent rust and corrosion of parts to a great extent.
White oil is extracted from base oil refining, which is used for plasticization.
White spirit is a petroleum solvent that acts as a diluent. This solvent can be used in colouring, thinner, wax production and polishing.
Some people use white spirit to degrease metals.
Sulphur is used to produce petrochemical acids. The importance and application of sulphur in the agricultural industry cannot be neglected. Sulphur can have a significant effect on the growth of plants.
We hope that with this article you have found the necessary familiarity with oil and oil derivatives and their uses.
| FRACTION |
NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS |
BOILING POINT RANGE/°C |
BOILING POINT AND VISCOSITY INCREASE GOING DOWN |
|---|---|---|---|
| REFINERY GAS |
1-4 |
BELOW 25 |
+ + + + + + |
| GASOLINE/PETROL |
4-12 |
40-100 |
|
| NAPHTHA |
7-14 |
90-150 |
|
| KERSOSENE/PARAFFIN |
12-16 |
150-240 |
|
| DIESEL/GASOIL |
14-18 |
220-300 |
|
| FUEL OIL |
19-25 |
250-320 |
|
| LUBRICATING OIL |
20-40 |
300-350 |
|
| BITUMEN |
MORE THAN 70 |
MORE THAN 350 |
Oil Refineries :
In an oil-rich country, refineries play an important role in the country’s industry and economy; But the general public has little information about these large and important collections. In some cases, this lack of knowledge causes refinery and petrochemical to be mistaken for each other. In this article, first, to the question “What is a refinery?” We will answer and talk about the difference between refinery and petrochemical. Then, we examine the types of refineries and their products.
What is a refinery?
Simply, a refinery is a complex where crude oil is processed and transformed into valuable petroleum products through a series of complex operational and engineering processes. Distillation, cracking, conversion, blending and refining are among the processes used in converting crude oil into various petroleum products.
In refineries, various products are produced, the main products being fuel and energy sources. Liquefied gas, gasoline, naphtha (cut between gasoline and kerosene), kerosene, diesel (oil and gas), heating oil (fuel oil), petroleum oils, paraffin wax, asphalt and bitumen, petroleum coke and sulphur, among other products They are in refineries that are used as raw materials and fuel in many different industries and fields.
Each refinery is designed based on the type of feed, and the dimensions and number of people working in a refinery depend on various factors. All refineries consist of several process units; So that in a crude oil refinery, at least 15 units are active. The most important units of a refinery process are:
Salting of crude oil
Most of the crude oils contain various salts that if these salts are not separated from the oil, they cause clogging and corrosion of the facilities. The process of salting oil is done with the help of water.
Distillation
Distillation can be considered the most important stage of oil refining. During the distillation process, different oil fractions are separated from each other based on the difference in the boiling point of hydrocarbons. Each of these cuts can be converted into different petroleum products. This process takes place during two stages of atmospheric distillation and vacuum distillation, and finally, three cuttings are separated from crude oil:
Light distillate cuts: The most widely used hydrocarbons in this category include gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, jet fuel, and paraffin. The boiling point of these compounds is between 70 and 200 degrees Celsius.
Middle distillate cuts: Fuels for diesel engines and power plants include medium cut hydrocarbons that have a boiling point between 200 and 300 degrees Celsius.
Heavy distillate fractions: the products of this fraction have a boiling point above 300 degrees Celsius, and fuel oil and bitumen are among the most important hydrocarbons in this category.
Refinement of petroleum products
Crude oil and oil cuttings, in addition to various hydrocarbons, have complex and diverse compounds of sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, etc., which cause environmental pollution, cause corrosion in facilities, create instability in products, and poison the catalysts of refining units. To remove additional compounds, refining operations must be performed on petroleum products. This operation is done in the form of chemical purification and hydrogen purification.
Reforming unit
One of the basic units in every refinery is to perform the catalytic reforming process to increase the quality of gasoline. During this process, the octane number of gasoline increases with the help of complex reactions.
Other important units of a refinery include the following:
Viscosity reduction
Desulfurization of oil and gas
Isomax (Hhydrocracking): The Isomax process usually consists of two steps. The first serves to remove nitrogen, oxygen, Sulfur and metal contaminants from the feedstock, while the second step effects the hydrocracking into the desired hydrocarbon fractions. HC (Hhydrocracking) is defined as a process in which the components of gas oil fractions are (partially or completely) converted into lighter molecules under the influence of H2 and in the presence of a catalyst.
Hydrogenation
Gas purification with amine
Sulphur recycling
Bitumen production
Difference between refinery and petrochemical :
Refinery and petrochemical are two separate sets that differ in terms of raw materials, products, processes, etc. In general, it can be said that petrochemical is a sub-set of refineries. In petrochemical units, products produced in refineries are used as raw materials to produce a variety of products including basic chemical products, polymers, aromatic compounds, fertilizers and toxins, as well as fuel and hydrocarbon materials.
Of course, it should be noted that today Petrorefinery is referred to as the new generation of refineries. Petrorefinery is created by combining petrochemical and refinery. The development of petroleum refineries can have a great impact on the profit margin of this industry, Because these days the global demand for petroleum products is more than the demand for raw materials.
Types of refineries :
Refineries can be divided based on different parameters. If we want to divide the oil refineries based on the products produced, we reach the following categories:
Fuel refineries: The purpose of these refineries is to produce common fuels such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, etc. These refineries can be considered the most common type of refinery.
Oil refineries: These types of refineries seek to produce various types of oil, light and heavy lubricants, bitumen, etc. Of course, it is possible for a refinery to produce these items in addition to fuel.
Petrochemical refineries: There are refineries that, in addition to fuel, produce raw materials for petrochemical units such as aromatics, ethylene, butadiene, etc.
Note that in this article, oil refineries were discussed; But we must know that gas refineries are different from oil refineries and they are completely different in terms of raw materials, process units and final products.
What is natural gas and how is it extracted?
Natural gas source
The remains of plants and animals, whose corpses have been driven to the bottom of old lakes and oceans over millions of years, gradually decompose and become organic elements, and due to the pressure of the internal heat of the earth, they turn into oil and gas and are stored in
underground reservoirs at a depth of three to four thousand meters and with A pressure of several hundred atmospheres has been stored.
Extraction of natural gas:
Natural gas is a mixture of flammable hydrocarbon gases that are found naturally in underground reservoirs. This gas may exist as a solution in crude oil (PG) or under the caps above the crude oil layers or in an independent form. Natural gas is mainly a mixture of methane, ethane and a few heavier gases such as propane and butane. Natural gas extracted from reservoirs usually contains impurities such as hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, and sulphur compounds. It should be noted that the amount of the mentioned compounds depends on the field from which the natural gas is extracted; For this reason, the amount of methane in natural gas varies between 84 and 97% according to the gas field.
Raw natural gas is extracted from three types of wells:
1- Oil wells
2- Gas wells
3- Condensed wells
Natural gas extracted from oil wells is generally known as “associated gas”. This gas can exist separately from oil in formations (free gas) or dissolved in crude oil (dissolved gas). Natural gas that comes from gas wells and concentrates, in which there is no crude oil or if there is very little and is known as “combined gas”. Gas wells generally produce raw natural gas, while tight wells produce free natural gas along with a condensed semi-liquid hydrocarbon.
Natural gas refining:
Due to the presence of sand, clay, liquid hydrocarbons, CO2, H2S, and other impurities, natural gas is purified in the refinery, thus preventing these substances from entering the transmission system. The entry of these substances into pipelines and pressure reduction stations causes problems, including gas pipeline blockage, destruction of turbine regulators and meters, premature failure of the filtration system and filters, corrosion, and occurrence of toxic properties in gas. The actual process of processing natural gas into dry natural gas, pipeline quality can be very complex, but it usually includes four main processes to separate various impurities from it:
Passing gas through scrubbers to separate solid particles
Removal of dense oil and gas
Remove the water
Separation of natural gas liquids
Passing the gas through the dehumidification unit in order to get the moisture in it
Removing carbon dioxide and sulphur
In addition to the above processing steps, heaters and abrasives are usually installed at or near the source. Abrasives are primarily used to remove sand and other large impurities. Heaters ensure that the gas temperature does not drop too much. Natural gas that contains even very small amounts of water, when the temperature drops, natural gas hydrates are formed in it. These hydrates have solid or semi-solid compositions. They are like ice crystals. With the formation of
these hydrates in natural gas, an obstacle is created in the way of natural gas passing through valves and collection systems. To reduce the formation of hydrates, natural gas fuel heating units are generally installed along the gathering pipeline where hydrates are likely to form.
The natural gas that is brought from the underground to the source is completely different from the natural gas of consumers. Although the processing of natural gas is in many aspects simpler than the processing and refining of crude oil, but like oil, it is necessary to process it before it can be used by consumers. The natural gas used by consumers is mostly made up of methane. Although the gas that is found in the source and most of its compounds are methane, it does not need much processing and is pure.
What is condensate?
Natural gas extracted from gas reservoirs mainly contains a considerable amount of gas condensate. Especially when the volume of gas withdrawal from the tank is large. Gas condensate is a liquid hydrocarbon stream that exists in natural gas deposits and is found as sediment in extracted gas and is mainly composed of pentane and heavier hydrocarbons (+C5) and has low sulphur and is usually free of various types of It is metals and almost half of it is naphtha. Gas condensates, unlike butane and propane, do not require special conditions to remain liquid and can be converted into kerosene, gasoline, jet fuel, etc. in different ways. Compared to the crude oil refinery, in the gas condensate refinery, the conversion and refining processes are less, so its investment cost is half of the investment cost of the crude oil refinery. The specific heat value of each liter of gas condensate is about 32706.4 BTU which is almost equivalent to the heat value of 826/. cubic meters of natural gas is the first nationwide pipeline. Therefore, this product is of considerable importance to use due to its high calorific value.
What is petrochemical and what are its products?
Petrochemical products are chemical and polymer materials obtained from oil or natural gas. They are an important part of the chemical and polymer industries because the demand for plastic and synthetic materials is constantly growing, and on the other hand, they have a major contribution to the economy and society today. These products are used to produce thousands of different products that people use every day. The main products produced by the petrochemical industry units are mainly: chemical fertilizers, urea, diammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate mixed fertilizers, plastic raw materials, PVC and DOP, chemicals such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid. , ammonia, sulphur, soot and…
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Pentanes Plus, or C5+, is a mixture of hydrocarbons that is a liquid at ambient temperature and pressure, and consists mostly of pentanes (five carbon chain) and higher carbon number hydrocarbons.
C5 is a mixture, also known as pentane. It contains three isomers: n-pentane, isopentane and neopentane.
What is pentane plus used for?
Apart from this, pentane plus is used in several industrial applications, including as a feedstock in the production of chemicals and solvents and as an aerosol propellant for various consumer products, such as hairspray, spray paints, and insecticides.
Natural gasoline (pentanes plus) can be blended into various kinds of fuel for combustion engines and is useful in energy recovery from wells and tar sand (oil sand) deposits.
As well as the other hydrocarbon group, pentane can go through hydrocarbon combustion that gives off heat. However, unlike the other hydrocarbons, pentane is removed from fossil fuels before being provided to society as an energy source for things such as central heating.
Pentane plus (C5+) : It is used to make insulation material for heating pipes and refrigerators.
Raffinate?
The portion of an original liquid that remains after other components have been dissolved by a solvent. The term is often used to refer to the oil that is not dissolved in petroleum refining operations.
In solvent extraction, a raffinate is a liquid stream that is left after the extraction with the immiscible liquid to remove solutes from the original liquid. The solvent-rich product is called the extract and the residual liquid which the solute has been removed from is called the raffinate.
What is raffinate in refinery?
Glossary Terms » Raffinate. The residual product left after a reforming process. The term also has been more generally used in reference to any low octane product left over after any secondary refining process. Preferable to natural gasoline in ethanol/gasoline blends because of the low RVP (4 to 8).
What is raffination?
In metallurgy, raffinating refers to a process in which impurities are removed from liquid material. In pressure swing adsorption the raffinate refers to the gas which is not adsorbed during the high pressure stage. The species which is desorbed from the adsorbent at low pressure may be called the “extract” product.
FUEL OIL
Fuel oil is any of various fractions obtained from the distillation of petroleum (crude oil). Such oils include distillates (the lighter fractions) and residues (the heavier fractions). Fuel oils include heavy fuel oil (bunker fuel), marine fuel oil (MFO), furnace oil (FO), gas oil (gasoil), heating oils (such as home heating oil), diesel fuel, and others.
The term fuel oil generally includes any liquid fuel that is burned in a furnace or boiler to generate heat (heating oils), or used in an engine to generate power (as motor fuels). However, it does not usually include other liquid oils, such as those with a flash point of approximately 42 °C (108 °F), or oils burned in cotton- or wool-wick burners. In a stricter sense, fuel oil refers only to the heaviest commercial fuels that crude oil can yield, that is, those fuels heavier than gasoline (petrol) and naphtha.
Fuel oil consists of long-chain hydrocarbons, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics. Small molecules, such as those in propane, naphtha, gasoline, and kerosene, have relatively low boiling points, and are removed at the start of the fractional distillation process. Heavier petroleum-derived oils like diesel fuel and lubricating oil are much less volatile and distill out more slowly.
What is the meaning of cSt in fuel oil?
The unit of viscosity used is the centistoke (cSt) and the fuels most frequently quoted are listed below in order of cost, the least expensive first. IFO 380 – Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 centistokes (<3.5% sulfur).
The most commonly used types are IFO 180 and IFO 380, with viscosities of 180 mm²/s and 380 mm²/s, respectively.
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